Pushdown#

Trino can push down the processing of queries, or parts of queries, into the connected data source. This means that a specific predicate, aggregation function, or other operation, is passed through to the underlying database or storage system for processing.

The results of this pushdown can include the following benefits:

Improved overall query performance
Reduced network traffic between Trino and the data source
Reduced load on the remote data source

These benefits often result in significant cost reduction.

Support for pushdown is specific to each connector and the relevant underlying database or storage system.

Predicate pushdown#

Predicate pushdown optimizes row-based filtering. It uses the inferred filter, typically resulting from a condition in a WHERE clause to omit unnecessary rows. The processing is pushed down to the data source by the connector and then processed by the data source.

If predicate pushdown for a specific clause is successful, the EXPLAIN plan for the query does not include a ScanFilterProject operation for that clause.

Projection pushdown#

Projection pushdown optimizes column-based filtering. It uses the columns specified in the SELECT clause and other parts of the query to limit access to these columns. The processing is pushed down to the data source by the connector and then the data source only reads and returns the necessary columns.

If projection pushdown is successful, the EXPLAIN plan for the query only accesses the relevant columns in the Layout of the TableScan operation.

Dereference pushdown#

Projection pushdown and dereference pushdown limit access to relevant columns, except dereference pushdown is more selective. It limits access to only read the specified fields within a top level or nested ROW data type.

For example, consider a table in the Hive connector that has a ROW type column with several fields. If a query only accesses one field, dereference pushdown allows the file reader to read only that single field within the row. The same applies to fields of a row nested within the top level row. This can result in significant savings in the amount of data read from the storage system.

Aggregation pushdown#

Aggregation pushdown can take place provided the following conditions are satisfied:

If aggregation pushdown is generally supported by the connector.
If pushdown of the specific function or functions is supported by the connector.
If the query structure allows pushdown to take place.

You can check if pushdown for a specific query is performed by looking at the EXPLAIN plan of the query. If an aggregate function is successfully pushed down to the connector, the explain plan does not show that Aggregate operator. The explain plan only shows the operations that are performed by Trino.

As an example, we loaded the TPC-H data set into a PostgreSQL database and then queried it using the PostgreSQL connector:

SELECT regionkey, count(*)
FROM nation
GROUP BY regionkey;

You can get the explain plan by prepending the above query with EXPLAIN:

EXPLAIN
SELECT regionkey, count(*)
FROM nation
GROUP BY regionkey;

The explain plan for this query does not show any Aggregate operator with the count function, as this operation is now performed by the connector. You can see the count(*) function as part of the PostgreSQL TableScan operator. This shows you that the pushdown was successful.

Fragment 0 [SINGLE]
    Output layout: [regionkey_0, _generated_1]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Output[regionkey, _col1]
    │   Layout: [regionkey_0:bigint, _generated_1:bigint]
    │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: 0B, network: ?}
    │   regionkey := regionkey_0
    │   _col1 := _generated_1
    └─ RemoteSource[1]
            Layout: [regionkey_0:bigint, _generated_1:bigint]

Fragment 1 [SOURCE]
    Output layout: [regionkey_0, _generated_1]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    TableScan[postgresql:tpch.nation tpch.nation columns=[regionkey:bigint:int8, count(*):_generated_1:bigint:bigint] groupingSets=[[regionkey:bigint:int8]], gro
        Layout: [regionkey_0:bigint, _generated_1:bigint]
        Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: 0B, network: 0B}
        _generated_1 := count(*):_generated_1:bigint:bigint
        regionkey_0 := regionkey:bigint:int8

A number of factors can prevent a push down:

adding a condition to the query
using a different aggregate function that cannot be pushed down into the connector
using a connector without pushdown support for the specific function

As a result, the explain plan shows the Aggregate operation being performed by Trino. This is a clear sign that now pushdown to the remote data source is not performed, and instead Trino performs the aggregate processing.

Fragment 0 [SINGLE]
    Output layout: [regionkey, count]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Output[regionkey, _col1]
    │   Layout: [regionkey:bigint, count:bigint]
    │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: ?, network: ?}
    │   _col1 := count
    └─ RemoteSource[1]
           Layout: [regionkey:bigint, count:bigint]

Fragment 1 [HASH]
    Output layout: [regionkey, count]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Aggregate(FINAL)[regionkey]
    │   Layout: [regionkey:bigint, count:bigint]
    │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: ?, network: ?}
    │   count := count("count_0")
    └─ LocalExchange[HASH][$hashvalue] ("regionkey")
       │   Layout: [regionkey:bigint, count_0:bigint, $hashvalue:bigint]
       │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: ?, network: ?}
       └─ RemoteSource[2]
              Layout: [regionkey:bigint, count_0:bigint, $hashvalue_1:bigint]

Fragment 2 [SOURCE]
    Output layout: [regionkey, count_0, $hashvalue_2]
    Output partitioning: HASH [regionkey][$hashvalue_2]
    Project[]
    │   Layout: [regionkey:bigint, count_0:bigint, $hashvalue_2:bigint]
    │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: ?, network: ?}
    │   $hashvalue_2 := combine_hash(bigint '0', COALESCE("$operator$hash_code"("regionkey"), 0))
    └─ Aggregate(PARTIAL)[regionkey]
       │   Layout: [regionkey:bigint, count_0:bigint]
       │   count_0 := count(*)
       └─ TableScan[tpch:nation:sf0.01, grouped = false]
              Layout: [regionkey:bigint]
              Estimates: {rows: 25 (225B), cpu: 225, memory: 0B, network: 0B}
              regionkey := tpch:regionkey

Limitations#

Aggregation pushdown does not support a number of more complex statements:

complex grouping operations such as ROLLUP, CUBE, or GROUPING SETS
expressions inside the aggregation function call: sum(a * b)
coercions: sum(integer_column)
aggregations with ordering
aggregations with filter

Join pushdown#

Join pushdown allows the connector to delegate the table join operation to the underlying data source. This can result in performance gains, and allows Trino to perform the remaining query processing on a smaller amount of data.

The specifics for the supported pushdown of table joins varies for each data source, and therefore for each connector.

However, there are some generic conditions that must be met in order for a join to be pushed down:

all predicates that are part of the join must be possible to be pushed down
the tables in the join must be from the same catalog

You can verify if pushdown for a specific join is performed by looking at the EXPLAIN plan of the query. The explain plan does not show a Join operator, if the join is pushed down to the data source by the connector:

EXPLAIN SELECT c.custkey, o.orderkey
FROM orders o JOIN customer c ON c.custkey = o.custkey;

The following plan results from the PostgreSQL connector querying TPC-H data in a PostgreSQL database. It does not show any Join operator as a result of the successful join push down.

Fragment 0 [SINGLE]
    Output layout: [custkey, orderkey]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Output[custkey, orderkey]
    │   Layout: [custkey:bigint, orderkey:bigint]
    │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: 0B, network: ?}
    └─ RemoteSource[1]
           Layout: [orderkey:bigint, custkey:bigint]

Fragment 1 [SOURCE]
    Output layout: [orderkey, custkey]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    TableScan[postgres:Query[SELECT l."orderkey" AS "orderkey_0", l."custkey" AS "custkey_1", r."custkey" AS "custkey_2" FROM (SELECT "orderkey", "custkey" FROM "tpch"."orders") l INNER JOIN (SELECT "custkey" FROM "tpch"."customer") r O
        Layout: [orderkey:bigint, custkey:bigint]
        Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: 0B, network: 0B}
        orderkey := orderkey_0:bigint:int8
        custkey := custkey_1:bigint:int8

It is typically beneficial to push down a join. Pushing down a join can also increase the row count compared to the size of the input to the join. This may impact performance.

Limit pushdown#

A LIMIT or FETCH FIRST clause reduces the number of returned records for a statement. Limit pushdown enables a connector to push processing of such queries of unsorted record to the underlying data source.

A pushdown of this clause can improve the performance of the query and significantly reduce the amount of data transferred from the data source to Trino.

Queries include sections such as LIMIT N or FETCH FIRST N ROWS.

Implementation and support is connector-specific since different data sources have varying capabilities.

Top-N pushdown#

The combination of a LIMIT or FETCH FIRST clause with an ORDER BY clause creates a small set of records to return out of a large sorted dataset. It relies on the order to determine which records need to be returned, and is therefore quite different to optimize compared to a Limit pushdown.

The pushdown for such a query is called a Top-N pushdown, since the operation is returning the top N rows. It enables a connector to push processing of such queries to the underlying data source, and therefore significantly reduces the amount of data transferred to and processed by Trino.

Queries include sections such as ORDER BY ... LIMIT N or ORDER BY ... FETCH FIRST N ROWS.

Implementation and support is connector-specific since different data sources support different SQL syntax and processing.

For example, you can find two queries to learn how to identify Top-N pushdown behavior in the following section.

First, a concrete example of a Top-N pushdown query on top of a PostgreSQL database:

SELECT id, name
FROM postgresql.public.company
ORDER BY id
LIMIT 5;

You can get the explain plan by prepending the above query with EXPLAIN:

EXPLAIN SELECT id, name
FROM postgresql.public.company
ORDER BY id
LIMIT 5;

Fragment 0 [SINGLE]
    Output layout: [id, name]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Stage Execution Strategy: UNGROUPED_EXECUTION
    Output[id, name]
    │   Layout: [id:integer, name:varchar]
    │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: 0B, network: ?}
    └─ RemoteSource[1]
           Layout: [id:integer, name:varchar]

Fragment 1 [SOURCE]
    Output layout: [id, name]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Stage Execution Strategy: UNGROUPED_EXECUTION
    TableScan[postgresql:public.company public.company sortOrder=[id:integer:int4 ASC NULLS LAST] limit=5, grouped = false]
        Layout: [id:integer, name:varchar]
        Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: 0B, network: 0B}
        name := name:varchar:text
        id := id:integer:int4

Second, an example of a Top-N query on the tpch connector which does not support Top-N pushdown functionality:

SELECT custkey, name
FROM tpch.sf1.customer
ORDER BY custkey
LIMIT 5;

The related query plan:

Fragment 0 [SINGLE]
    Output layout: [custkey, name]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Stage Execution Strategy: UNGROUPED_EXECUTION
    Output[custkey, name]
    │   Layout: [custkey:bigint, name:varchar(25)]
    │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: ?, network: ?}
    └─ TopN[5 by (custkey ASC NULLS LAST)]
       │   Layout: [custkey:bigint, name:varchar(25)]
       └─ LocalExchange[SINGLE] ()
          │   Layout: [custkey:bigint, name:varchar(25)]
          │   Estimates: {rows: ? (?), cpu: ?, memory: ?, network: ?}
          └─ RemoteSource[1]
                 Layout: [custkey:bigint, name:varchar(25)]

Fragment 1 [SOURCE]
    Output layout: [custkey, name]
    Output partitioning: SINGLE []
    Stage Execution Strategy: UNGROUPED_EXECUTION
    TopNPartial[5 by (custkey ASC NULLS LAST)]
    │   Layout: [custkey:bigint, name:varchar(25)]
    └─ TableScan[tpch:customer:sf1.0, grouped = false]
           Layout: [custkey:bigint, name:varchar(25)]
           Estimates: {rows: 150000 (4.58MB), cpu: 4.58M, memory: 0B, network: 0B}
           custkey := tpch:custkey
           name := tpch:name

In the preceding query plan, the Top-N operation TopN[5 by (custkey ASC NULLS LAST)] is being applied in the Fragment 0 by Trino and not by the source database.

Note that, compared to the query executed on top of the tpch connector, the explain plan of the query applied on top of the postgresql connector is missing the reference to the operation TopN[5 by (id ASC NULLS LAST)] in the Fragment 0. The absence of the TopN Trino operator in the Fragment 0 from the query plan demonstrates that the query benefits of the Top-N pushdown optimization.